Understanding Persistent Non-compliance in a Remote, Large-Scale Marine Protected Area

UIDB/04647/2020 UIDP/04647/2020Area coverage of large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) (LSMPAs, > 100,000 km2) is rapidly increasing globally. Their effectiveness largely depends on successful detection and management of non-compliance. However, for LSMPAs this can be difficult due to their large size, often remote locations and a lack of understanding of the social drivers of non-compliance. Taking a case-study approach, we review current knowledge of illegal fishing within the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) LSMPA. Data stemming from enforcement reports (2010–20), and from fieldwork in fishing communities (2018–19) were combined to explore and characterise drivers of non-compliance. Enforcement data included vessel investigation reports (n = 188), transcripts of arrests (20) and catch seizures (58). Fieldwork data included fisher interviews (95) and focus groups (12), conducted in two communities in Sri Lanka previously associated with non-compliance in BIOT LSMPA. From 2010 to 2020, there were 126 vessels suspected of non-compliance, 76% of which were Sri Lankan. The majority of non-compliant vessels targeted sharks (97%), catching an estimated 14,340 individuals during the study period. Sri Lankan vessels were primarily registered to one district (77%) and 85% operated from just two ports within the fieldwork sites. Social Network Analysis (SNA) showed that 66% of non-compliant vessels were linked by social ties, including sharing crew members, compared with only 34% of compliant vessels. Thematic analysis of qualitative data suggested that perceptions of higher populations of sharks and social ties between vessels may both be important drivers. We discuss our findings within a global context to identify potential solutions for LSMPA management.publishersversionpublishe

Impact of the citizen science project COLLECT on ocean literacy and well-being within a north/west African and south-east Asian context

Plastic pollution is both a societal and environmental problem and citizen science has shown to be a useful tool to engage both the public and professionals in addressing it. However, knowledge on the educational and behavioral impacts of citizen science projects focusing on marine litter remains limited. Our preregistered study investigates the impact of the citizen science project Citizen Observation of Local Litter in coastal ECosysTems (COLLECT) on the participants' ocean literacy, pro-environmental intentions and attitudes, well-being, and nature connectedness, using a pretest-posttest design. A total of 410 secondary school students from seven countries, in Africa (Benin, Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria) and Asia (Malaysia) were trained to sample plastics on sandy beaches and to analyze their collection in the classroom. Non-parametric statistical tests (n = 239 matched participants) demonstrate that the COLLECT project positively impacted ocean literacy (i.e., awareness and knowledge of marine litter, self-reported litter-reducing behaviors, attitudes towards beach litter removal). The COLLECT project also led to higher pro-environmental behavioral intentions for students in Benin and Ghana (implying a positive spillover effect) and higher well-being and nature connectedness for students in Benin. Results are interpreted in consideration of a high baseline in awareness and attitudes towards marine litter, a low internal consistency of pro-environmental attitudes, the cultural context of the participating countries, and the unique settings of the project's implementation. Our study highlights the benefits and challenges of understanding how citizen science impacts the perceptions and behaviors towards marine litter in youth from the respective regions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A New Peptide Ligand for Targeting Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX, Identified through the Phage Display Technology

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme found to be overexpressed in various tumors and associated with tumor hypoxia. Ligands binding this target may be used to visualize hypoxia, tumor manifestation or treat tumors by endoradiotherapy

Playing Games with Tito:Designing Hybrid Museum Experiences for Critical Play

This article brings together two distinct, but related perspectives on playful museum experiences: Critical play and hybrid design. The article explores the challenges involved in combining these two perspectives, through the design of two hybrid museum experiences that aimed to facilitate critical play with/in the collections of the Museum of Yugoslavia and the highly contested heritage they represent. Based on reflections from the design process as well as feedback from test users, we describe a series of challenges: Challenging the norms of visitor behaviour, challenging the role of the artefact, and challenging the curatorial authority. In conclusion, we outline some possible design strategies to address these challenges

El análisis logográfico de textos socialmente procesantes

Die Arbeit umfasst vier Teile: Im ersten Teil wird der Gegenstand logographischer Forschung sowie das gedankliche Fundament der logographischen Auffassung, Verarbeitung und Aggregierung von Textdaten erläutert. Es geht um Texte zu einem umrissenen Thema, die in einem bestimmten Diskurszusammenhang erstellt und ausgetauscht werden. Welche semantischen Einheiten, in welchem Verweisungszusammenhang, kennzeichnen diese? Dies zu wissen, ist aufschlussreich zum Verständnis der psychischen und sozialen Strukturierung menschlichen Zusammenlebens. Im zweiten Teil werden die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte der logographischen Textanalyse vorgestellt. Wie kommt man von freisprachlichen Texten über die Erstellung eines Kategoriensystems zu Aussagen über kulturell tradierte Angebote zur Erfassung und Ordnung gelebter Wirklichkeit? In diesem Zusammenhang diskutieren wir, welche Phasen des logographischen Forschungsprozesses eher qualitativem, welche eher quantitativem Denken zuzuordnen sind, und was diese Differenzierung zum Verständnis der logographischen Vorgehensweise beitragen kann. Im dritten Teil werden Beispieluntersuchungen kurz skizziert. Zum einen handelt es sich um Beschwerdebriefe über Lärm. Zum anderen geht es um niedergeschriebene Geschichten selbst erlebter Eifersucht. Im vierten Teil schließlich diskutieren wir zusammenfassend die Rolle von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden in der Logographie. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0101142This contribution comprises four parts. In part 1 we will describe the object of logographic research as well as the considerations underlying the logographic conceptualisation, processing, and aggregation of textual data. Logographic research involves texts concerning a specific topic which were produced and exchanged within an equally specific context of discourse. Which semantic units and which network of internal references are characteristic of this context? This kind of knowledge allows important conclusions concerning both the psychological and the social structure of human interaction. In part 2 we will present the steps involved in the logographic analysis of texts: which way leads from texts in spoken language to the construction of a coding frame, to conclusions about culturally transmitted offers for perceiving lived reality and imposing some kind of order upon it? We will discuss which parts of the logographic procedure could be described as 'qualitative' and 'quantitative' respectively and in what way this differentiation between the two research traditions can contribute towards an understanding of logographic analysis. In part 3 we will briefly present some examples taken from our research: one study involves letters of complaint about noise; the second study concerns stories about jealousy representing the author-subjects' own experience. In part 4 we will conclude by briefly discussing the part qualitative and quantitative methods play in logographic research. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0101142Esta contribución comprende cuatro partes. En la primera describimos el objeto de la investigación logográfica así como las consideraciones subyacentes a la conceptualización logográfica, el procesamiento y el agrupamiento de nuevos datos. La investigación logográfica involucra textos concernientes a temas específicos que son producidos e intercambiados dentro de un contexto igualmente específico de discurso. ¿Cuáles son las unidades semánticas y el sistema de referencia interno característicos de este contexto? Este tipo de conocimiento permite importantes conclusiones concernientes tanto a la estructura psicológica como social de la interacción humana. En la segunda parte presentamos los pasos involucrados en el análisis logográfico de textos: ¿qué camino conduce desde los textos hablados a la construcción de un encuadre codificado, a conclusiones sobre formas ofrecidas y culturalmente transmitidas de percibir la realidad viva e imponer algún tipo de orden sobre ella? Propondremos qué parte del procedimiento logográfico puede ser descripto como cualitativo y cuantitativo respectivamente y de qué manera la diferenciación entre estas dos formas tradicionales de investigar pueden contribuir hacia un entendimiento del análisis logográfico. En la tercera parte, presentamos brevemente algunos ejemplos extraídos de nuestra investigación: se ejemplificará con un estudio que involucra cartas de quejas sobre el ruido, el segundo estudio tomado como ejemplo concierne a historias sobre celos, que representan la experiencia subjetiva del autor. En la cuarta parte, concluimos discutiendo brevemente la parte de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos jugados en la investigación logográfica. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs010114

Logografische Analyse sozial prozessierender Texte

Die Arbeit umfasst vier Teile: Im ersten Teil wird der Gegenstand logographischer Forschung sowie das gedankliche Fundament der logographischen Auffassung, Verarbeitung und Aggregierung von Textdaten erläutert. Es geht um Texte zu einem umrissenen Thema, die in einem bestimmten Diskurszusammenhang erstellt und ausgetauscht werden. Welche semantischen Einheiten, in welchem Verweisungszusammenhang, kennzeichnen diese? Dies zu wissen, ist aufschlussreich zum Verständnis der psychischen und sozialen Strukturierung menschlichen Zusammenlebens. Im zweiten Teil werden die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte der logographischen Textanalyse vorgestellt. Wie kommt man von freisprachlichen Texten über die Erstellung eines Kategoriensystems zu Aussagen über kulturell tradierte Angebote zur Erfassung und Ordnung gelebter Wirklichkeit? In diesem Zusammenhang diskutieren wir, welche Phasen des logographischen Forschungsprozesses eher qualitativem, welche eher quantitativem Denken zuzuordnen sind, und was diese Differenzierung zum Verständnis der logographischen Vorgehensweise beitragen kann. Im dritten Teil werden Beispieluntersuchungen kurz skizziert. Zum einen handelt es sich um Beschwerdebriefe über Lärm. Zum anderen geht es um niedergeschriebene Geschichten selbst erlebter Eifersucht. Im vierten Teil schließlich diskutieren wir zusammenfassend die Rolle von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden in der Logographie.This contribution comprises four parts. In part 1 we will describe the object of logographic research as well as the considerations underlying the logographic conceptualisation, processing, and aggregation of textual data. Logographic research involves texts concerning a specific topic which were produced and exchanged within an equally specific context of discourse. Which semantic units and which network of internal references are characteristic of this context? This kind of knowledge allows important conclusions concerning both the psychological and the social structure of human interaction. In part 2 we will present the steps involved in the logographic analysis of texts: which way leads from texts in spoken language to the construction of a coding frame, to conclusions about culturally transmitted offers for perceiving lived reality and imposing some kind of order upon it? We will discuss which parts of the logographic procedure could be described as 'qualitative' and 'quantitative' respectively and in what way this differentiation between the two research traditions can contribute towards an understanding of logographic analysis. In part 3 we will briefly present some examples taken from our research: one study involves letters of complaint about noise; the second study concerns stories about jealousy representing the author-subjects' own experience. In part 4 we will conclude by briefly discussing the part qualitative and quantitative methods play in logographic research.Esta contribución comprende cuatro partes. En la primera describimos el objeto de la investigación logográfica así como las consideraciones subyacentes a la conceptualización logográfica, el procesamiento y el agrupamiento de nuevos datos. La investigación logográfica involucra textos concernientes a temas específicos que son producidos e intercambiados dentro de un contexto igualmente específico de discurso. ¿Cuáles son las unidades semánticas y el sistema de referencia interno característicos de este contexto? Este tipo de conocimiento permite importantes conclusiones concernientes tanto a la estructura psicológica como social de la interacción humana. En la segunda parte presentamos los pasos involucrados en el análisis logográfico de textos: ¿qué camino conduce desde los textos hablados a la construcción de un encuadre codificado, a conclusiones sobre formas ofrecidas y culturalmente transmitidas de percibir la realidad viva e imponer algún tipo de orden sobre ella? Propondremos qué parte del procedimiento logográfico puede ser descripto como cualitativo y cuantitativo respectivamente y de qué manera la diferenciación entre estas dos formas tradicionales de investigar pueden contribuir hacia un entendimiento del análisis logográfico. En la tercera parte, presentamos brevemente algunos ejemplos extraídos de nuestra investigación: se ejemplificará con un estudio que involucra cartas de quejas sobre el ruido, el segundo estudio tomado como ejemplo concierne a historias sobre celos, que representan la experiencia subjetiva del autor. En la cuarta parte, concluimos discutiendo brevemente la parte de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos jugados en la investigación logográfica

The Logographic Analysis of Social Processual Texts

This contribution comprises four parts. In part 1 we will describe the object of logographic research as well as the considerations underlying the logographic conceptualisation, processing, and aggregation of textual data. Logographic research involves texts concerning a specific topic which were produced and exchanged within an equally specific context of discourse. Which semantic units and which network of internal references are characteristic of this context? This kind of knowledge allows important conclusions concerning both the psychological and the social structure of human interaction. In part 2 we will present the steps involved in the logographic analysis of texts: which way leads from texts in spoken language to the construction of a coding frame, to conclusions about culturally transmitted offers for perceiving lived reality and imposing some kind of order upon it? We will discuss which parts of the logographic procedure could be described as 'qualitative' and 'quantitative' respectively and in what way this differentiation between the two research traditions can contribute towards an understanding of logographic analysis. In part 3 we will briefly present some examples taken from our research: one study involves letters of complaint about noise; the second study concerns stories about jealousy representing the author-subjects' own experience. In part 4 we will conclude by briefly discussing the part qualitative and quantitative methods play in logographic research. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs010114

A study of PROforma, a development methodology for clinical procedures

Knowledge engineering has shown that besides the general methodologies from software engineering it is useful to develop special purpose methodologies for knowledge based systems (KBS). PROforma is a newly developed methodology for a specific type of knowledge based systems. PROforma is intended for decision support systems and in particular for clinical procedures in the medical domain. This paper reports on an evaluation study of PROforma, and on the trade-off that is involved between general purpose and special purpose development methods in Knowledge Engineering and Medical AI. Our method for evaluating PROforma is based on re-engineering a realistic system in two methodologies: the new and special purpose KBS methodology PROforma and the widely accepted, and more general KBS methodology CommonKADS. The four most important results from our study are as follows. Firstly, PROforma has some strong points which are also strong related to requirements of medical reasoning. Secondly, PRO..